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1 Lilienthal, Otto
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 23 May 1848 Anklam, Prussia (now Germany)d. 10 August 1896 Berlin, Germany[br]German glider pioneer, the first to make a controlled flight using wings.[br]Otto Lilienthal and his brother Gustav developed an interest in flying as boys, when they studied birds in flight, built models and even tried to fit wings to their arms. Gustav went on to become a successful architect while Otto, after a brilliant scholastic career, became a mechanical engineer. Otto was able to devote his spare time to the problems of flight, and Gustav helped when his work allowed. They considered manpowered and mechanically powered projects, but neither looked hopeful so they turned to gliding. Otto published his research work in a book, Bird Flight as a Basis for Aviation. By 1889 Otto Lilienthal was ready to test his first full-size gliders. No. 1 and No. 2 were not successful, but No. 3, built in 1891, showed promise. He gradually improved his designs and his launching sites as he gained experience. To take off he ran downhill carrying his hang-glider until it became airborne, then he controlled it by swinging his body weight in the appropriate direction. He even built an artificial mound near Berlin so that he could take off into the wind whichever way it was blowing.In all, Lilienthal built some eighteen gliders with various wing shapes, including biplanes. By 1895 he was planning movable control surfaces (operated by head movement) and a powered version using a carbonic acid gas motor. Unfortunately, Lilienthal crashed and died of his injuries before these ideas could be tested. In all, he made over two thousand flights covering distances up to 300 m (300 yds. Many of these flights were recorded on photographs and so generated an interest in flying. Lilienthal's achievements also encouraged other pioneers, such as Percy Pilcher in Britain, and Octave Chanute and the Wright brothers in the United States.[br]Bibliography1899, Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst, Berlin, reprinted c. 1977; repub. in English, 1911, as Bird Flight as a Basis for Aviation.Further ReadingCharles H.Gibbs-Smith, 1985, Aviation, London (provides a detailed account of Lilienthal's gliders).P.H.Lilienthal, 1978, "Die Lilienthal Gebrüder", Aerospace (Royal Aeronautical Society) (January) (for more personal information)."The Lilienthal and Pilcher gliders compared", Flight (1 January 1910 and 8 January 1910) (for details about and plans of a typical Lilienthal glider).JDS -
2 Lilienthal Otto
Лилиенталь Отто (1848-1896), инженер, один из пионеров авиации. Несколько творческих идей осуществил вместе со своим братом Густавом. Полученные патенты позволили Отто Лилиенталю основать в 1881 г. небольшой машиностроительный завод и использовать доходы от него для осуществления главной мечты своей жизни – полёта человека. Всего совершил более 2 тыс. полётов на планёрах собственной конструкции. Музей в его родном городе Анклам. Здесь можно увидеть реконструированную модель летательного аппарата Лилиенталя с подлинными деталями планёра, на котором он погиб. Памятники в Берлине, Анкламе и других городах → Berlin, Anklam -
3 Anklam
Анклам, город в федеральной земле Мекленбург-Передняя Померания. Порт на р. Пене (Peene), впадающей в Балтийское море. Основные отрасли экономики: пищевая, торговля, туризм. Архитектурный символ Анклама – средневековые городские ворота Штайнтор (Steintor, XIV в.), высота 32 м, со ступенчатым фронтоном. После разрушений Второй мировой войны в Анкламе сохранилось лишь немного старинных зданий. Бывший ганзейский город (с 1283 г.). В XIX в. бурное развитие промышленности (сталелитейные мастерские, сахарный завод). Возник на месте бывшей славянской крепости Tanglim/Anglim. Статус города с 1244 г., дарован герцогом Барнимом I Померанским (Herzog Barnim I. von Pommern). Первое упоминание в хронике 1243 г. → Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Ostsee, Hanse, Lilienthal Otto, Zweiter Weltkrieg -
4 Flugwerft Schleißheim
fСамолётостроительный завод Шляйсхайм, в Мюнхене, филиал Немецкого музея, экспозиция посвящена истории воздухоплавания. На площади 7800 кв. м представлены около 50 самолётов и вертолётов, в т.ч. летательный аппарат Отто Лилиенталя, моторы, аппаратура, воздушные змеи, проводятся тематические выставки и различные фестивали, соревнования по запуску бумажных самолётиков, змеев и пр. Завод является самой старой сохранившейся самолётостроительной площадкой Германии, построен в 1912-1919 гг. для Баварских лётных частей (Bayerische Fliegertruppen), до 1981 г. постройки и аэродром использовались военными. В 1992 г. основан музей, аэродром действует и поныне → Deutsches Museum 1), Lilienthal OttoГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Flugwerft Schleißheim
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5 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Мекленбург-Передняя Померания, федеральная земля (с 1990 г.) на северо-востоке Германии. На севере омывается Балтийским морем, на востоке граничит с Польшей. В состав земли входят острова Рюген и Узедом (его восточная оконечность принадлежит Польше). Столица – г. Шверин. Крупные города: Росток, Штральзунд, Висмар, Нойбранденбург, Гюстро, Грайфсвальд. Самая малонаселённая земля Германии. Основные отрасли экономики: сельское хозяйство, судостроение, рыболовство, туризм, курортный бизнес. Паромное сообщение с Данией, Швецией, Россией, Латвией, Литвой. Два университета, три технических вуза, Высшая школа музыки и театра (Hochschule für Musik und Theater), научно-исследовательские институты общества им. Макса Планка, Общества им. Фраунхофера, Общества им. Лейбница. В 1996 г. в Ростоке основан Институт демографии им. Макса Планка. Природа красива и разнообразна: много озёр, лесов, болот, пустошей, береговая линия Балтийского моря окаймлена многочисленными курортами, пляжами. Благодаря малонаселённости территории здесь сохраняются редкая фауна и флора. Более половины площади Мекленбурга-Передней Померании является памятником природы (чего нет ни в одной другой земле). Своеобразие ландшафта отражено в романтических полотнах живописца Каспара Давида Фридриха, уроженца Грайфсвальда. Скульптор Эрнст Барлах долгие годы жил и работал в г. Гюстро. Пионер воздухоплавания Отто Лилиенталь родился в г. Анклам. Фриц Ройтер, зачинатель литературы на нижненемецком диалекте, родился в г. Штавенхаген. Современный писатель Уве Йонсон посвятил своему родному краю романы и рассказы. Среди местных блюд много рыбных, т.к. реки и озёра Мекленбурга изобилуют пресноводными видами рыбы, такими как щука, угорь. Популярны блюда из гусиного мяса с тушёным черносливом (особенно ко Дню Св. Мартина), кровяная колбаса с изюмом, свиные рёбрышки в уксусном соусе (saure Schweinerippchen) с картофелем или тыквой и др. < официальное название Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern> → Land, Schwerin, Rostock, Stralsund, Wismar, Neubrandenburg, Güstrow, Greifswald, Anklam, Usedom, Rügen, Ostsee, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Friedrich Caspar David, Barlach Ernst, Lilienthal Otto, Reuter Fritz, Stavenhagen, Johnson Uwe, Schliemann HeinrichГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
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6 Aerospace
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Caproni, Giovanni BattistaDassault, MarcelGiffard, Baptiste Henry JacquesJohnson, Clarence LeonardKorolov, Sergei PavlovichSopwith, Sir Thomas Octave MurdochTsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich -
7 Chanute, Octave Alexandre
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 18 February 1832 Paris, Franced. 24 November 1910 Chicago, USA[br]American engineer, developer of successful hang-gliders in the 1890s and disseminator of aeronautical information.[br]Chanute was born in Paris, but from the age of 6 he lived in the United States, where he became a prominent railway engineer. He developed an interest in aviation relatively late in life, and in fact built his first glider at the age of 64. Before that, he had collected all the information he could find on aviation, especially on the work of Otto Lilienthal in Germany. In 1894 he published an account of these researches in a classic work, Progress in Flying Machines.By 1896 Chanute was ready to carry out practical experiments of his own and designed a series of hang-gliders. He started with a Lilienthal-type monoplane and progressed to his very successful biplane glider. He used a bridge-truss method of cross-bracing to give his wings the required strength, a system used by many of his successors, including the Wright brothers. Chanute's gliders were flown on the shore of Lake Michigan by his two young assistants A.M.Herring and W.Avery. The biplane glider made some seven hundred flights without mishap, covering up to 100 m (110 yds). In 1898 Herring fitted an engine into a modified glider and claimed to have made two short hops.In 1900 the Wright brothers made contact with Chanute and sought his advice, which he readily gave, indeed, he became one of their most trusted advisors. In 1903 Chanute travelled to Paris and gave an illustrated lecture describing his own and the Wrights' gliding successes, generating much interest amongst European aviators.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal 1910.Bibliography1894, Progress in Flying Machines, New York (Chanute's classic work).Further ReadingC.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1986, Aviation, London.—1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (both describe Chanute's place in the history of aviation).T.D.Crouch, A Dream of Wings, Americans and the Airplane 1875–1905 (includes several chapters on Chanute and a comprehensive bibliography).Chanute is also mentioned in most of the biographies of the Wright brothers.JDSBiographical history of technology > Chanute, Octave Alexandre
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8 Wright, Wilbur
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 16 April 1867 Millville, Indiana, USAd. 30 May 1912 Dayton, Ohio, USA[br]American co-inventor, with his brother Orville Wright (b. 19 August 1871 Dayton, Ohio, USA; d. 30 January 1948 Dayton, Ohio, USA), of the first powered aeroplane capable of sustained, controlled flight.[br]Wilbur and Orville designed and built bicycles in Dayton, Ohio. In the 1890s they developed an interest in flying which led them to study the experiments of gliding pioneers such as Otto Lilienthal in Germany, and their fellow American Octave Chanute. The Wrights were very methodical and tackled the many problems stage by stage. First, they developed a method of controlling a glider using movable control surfaces, instead of weight-shifting as used in the early hand-gliders. They built a wind tunnel to test their wing sections and by 1902 they had produced a controllable glider. Next they needed a petrol engine, and when they could not find one to suit their needs they designed and built one themselves.On 17 December 1903 their Flyer was ready and Orville made the first short flight of 12 seconds; Wilbur followed with a 59-second flight covering 853 ft (260 m). An improved design, Flyer II, followed in 1904 and made about eighty flights, including circuits and simple ma-noeuvres. In 1905 Flyer III made several long flights, including one of 38 minutes covering 24½ miles (39 km). Most of the Wrights' flying was carried out in secret to protect their patents, so their achievements received little publicity. For a period of two and a half years they did not fly, but they worked to improve their Flyer and to negotiate terms for the sale of their invention to various governments and commercial syndi-cates.In 1908 the Wright Model A appeared, and when Wilbur demonstrated it in France he astounded the European aviators by making several flights lasting more than one hour and one of 2 hours 20 minutes. Considerable numbers of the Model A were built, but the European designers rapidly caught up and overtook the Wrights. The Wright brothers became involved in several legal battles to protect their patents: one of these, with Glenn Curtiss, went on for many years. Wilbur died of typhoid fever in 1912. Orville sold his interest in the Wright Company in 1915, but retained an interest in aeronautical research and lived on to see an aeroplane fly faster than the speed of sound.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Aeronautical Society (London) Gold Medal (awarded to both Wilbur and Orville) May 1909. Medals from the Aero Club of America, Congress, Ohio State and the City of Dayton.Bibliography1951, Miracle at Kitty Hawk. The Letters of Wilbur \& Orville Wright, ed. F.C.Kelly, New York.1953, The Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, ed. Marvin W.McFarland, 2 vols, New York.Orville Wright, 1953, How We Invented the Aeroplane, ed. F.C.Kelly, New York.Further ReadingA.G.Renstrom, 1968, Wilbur \& Orville Wright. A Bibliography, Washington, DC (with 2,055 entries).C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1963, The Wright Brothers, London (reprint) (a concise account).J.L.Pritchard, 1953, The Wright Brothers', Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (December) (includes much documentary material).F.C.Kelly, 1943, The Wright Brothers, New York (reprint) (authorized by Orville Wright).H.B.Combs with M.Caidin, 1980, Kill Devil Hill, London (contains more technical information).T.D.Crouch, 1989, The Bishop's Boys: A Life of Wilbur \& Orville Wright, New York (perhaps the best of various subsequent biographies).JDS
См. также в других словарях:
LILIENTHAL, OTTO — (1848–1896), German inventor and aeronaut. Born in Anklam, Pomerania, Lilienthal and his brother, Gustav, studied the flight of birds and while still at school succeeded in constructing a glider. During the next few years the brothers built many… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Lilienthal, Otto — ▪ German aeronautical engineer born May 23, 1848, Anklam, Prussia [now in Germany] died Aug. 10, 1896, Berlin German aviation pioneer. Lilienthal was the most significant aeronautical pioneer in the years between the advancements of the… … Universalium
Lilienthal, Otto — ► (1848 96) Ingeniero alemán. Fue el primero en utilizar planeadores o aviones sin motor … Enciclopedia Universal
Lilienthal, Otto — (1849–1896) German inventor … Bryson’s dictionary for writers and editors
Lilienthal — Lilienthal, Otto … Enciclopedia Universal
Otto Lilienthal — Karl Wilhelm Otto Lilienthal (* 23. Mai 1848 in Anklam; † 10. August 1896 in Berlin nach einem Absturz mit einem seiner Flugapparate) war ein deutscher Luftfahrtpionier. Nach heutigem Wissen war er der erste Mensch, der erfolgreich und… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Otto Lilienthal — Born 23 May 1848 (1848 05 23) Anklam, Province of Pomerania … Wikipedia
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LILIENTHAL (O.) — LILIENTHAL OTTO (1848 1896) On doit à Otto Lilienthal, ingénieur allemand né à Anklam, les premières expériences rigoureuses sur le vol d’une machine de poids spécifique supérieur à celui de l’atmosphère et dépourvue de moteur. De 1890 à 1896, en … Encyclopédie Universelle
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Lilienthal [2] — Lilienthal, Otto, Ingenieur, geb. 23. Mai 1848 in Anklam, gest. 9. Aug. 1896 bei Rhinow, besuchte die Berliner Gewerbeakademie, arbeitete dann bei Schwartzkopff u. Hoppe in Berlin, gründete Anfang der 1880 er Jahre eine eigne Fabrik und lieferte… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
